THE MONGOLS! ...Always the Exception
Period 3: 600C.E. - 1450 C.E.
|
Use these analysis sheets when watching Crash Course World History.
|
|
We'll use SPICE Charts to compare different civilizations throughout the unit/year.
|
Unit 3 Readings:
3.1 Expansion and Intensification of
Communication and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
Required Examples of Existing Trade Routes:
Examples of new trading cities:
B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization, use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.
Examples of luxury Goods:
Examples of caravan organization:
Examples of new forms of credit and monetization:
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
Examples of State Practices:
Example of Trading Organizations:
E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it.
Example of environmental knowledge and technological adaptations:
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
Examples:
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.
Examples of the diffusion of languages:
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification, or creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
A. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries.
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.
Examples of diasporic communities:
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.
Examples of interregional travelers:
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literacy, artistic, and cultural traditions.
Examples of diffusion of literacy, artistic, and cultural traditions:
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in a diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.
Examples of the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions:
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas.
Examples of new foods and agricultural techniques:
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
Required Examples of Existing Trade Routes:
- The Silk Road
- The Mediterranean
- The Trans-Saharan
- The Indian Ocean Basins
Examples of new trading cities:
- Novgorod
- Timbuktu
- Swahili City-States
- Hangzhou
- Calicut
- Baghdad
- Melaka
- Venice
- Tenochtitlan
- Cahokia
B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and the Andes developed.
C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including more sophisticated caravan organization, use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of credit and monetization.
Examples of luxury Goods:
- Silk and Cotton Textiles
- Porcelain
- Spices
- Precious metals and gems
- Slaves
- Exotic Animals
Examples of caravan organization:
- Caravanserai
- Camel saddles
Examples of new forms of credit and monetization:
- Bills of Exchange
- Credit
- Checks
- Banking Houses
D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices, trading organizations, and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in China.
Examples of State Practices:
- Minting Coins
- Use of Paper Money
Example of Trading Organizations:
- Hanseatic League
E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks.
Examples of Empires:
- China
- The Byzantine Empire
- The Caliphates
- The Mongols
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge and technological adaptations to it.
Example of environmental knowledge and technological adaptations:
- The way Scandinavian Vikings used their long-ships to travel in coastal and open waters as well as rivers and estuaries.
- The way Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara.
- The way Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel in the steppes.
B. Some migrations had a significant environmental impact.
Examples:
- The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- The maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands.
C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.
Examples of the diffusion of languages:
- The spread of Bantu including Swahili.
- The spread of Turkic and Arabic languages.
III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification, or creation of new, networks of trade and communication.
A. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries.
B. In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.
Examples of diasporic communities:
- Muslim Merchant Communities in the Indian Ocean Region.
- Chinese Merchant communities in Southeast Asia
- Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia
- Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, or along the Silk Roads
C. The writings of certain interregional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of intercultural knowledge and understanding.
Examples of interregional travelers:
- Ibn Battuta
- Marco Polo
- Xuanzang
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literacy, artistic, and cultural traditions.
Examples of diffusion of literacy, artistic, and cultural traditions:
- The influence of Neoconfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
- Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia
- Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
- Toltec.Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean America.
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in a diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.
Examples of the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions:
- Greek and Indian Mathematics on Muslim scholars
- The return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia
- The spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into the Islamic Empires and Western Europe
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas.
Examples of new foods and agricultural techniques:
- Bananas in Africa
- New rice varieties in East Asia
- The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin.
B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest.
3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some ways new state forms emerged.
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties-Suit, Tang, and Song-combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances.
Examples of traditional sources of power and legitimacy:
Examples of innovations:
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan.
Examples of Islamic states:
Examples of city-states:
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.
Examples of synthesis by states:
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourish in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
Examples of periods of technological and cultural transfers:
A. Following the collapse of empires, most reconstituted governments, including the Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties-Suit, Tang, and Song-combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances.
Examples of traditional sources of power and legitimacy:
- Patriarchy
- Religion
- Land-Owning Elites
Examples of innovations:
- New Methods of Taxation
- Tributary Systems
- Adaptation of religious institutions
B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan.
Examples of Islamic states:
- Abbasids
- Muslim Iberia
- Delhi Sultanates
Examples of city-states:
- Italian Peninsula
- East African
- Southeast Asia
- Americas
C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions.
Examples of synthesis by states:
- Persian traditions that influences Islamic states
- Chinese traditions that influenced states in Japan
D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourish in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.
II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.
Examples of periods of technological and cultural transfers:
- Between Tang China and the Abbasids
- Across the Mongol Empires
- During the Crusades
3.3 Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations.
Examples of technological innovations:
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas in this period.
Examples of these factors:
B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival.
Examples of these factors:
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities emerged to take on these established roles.
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
A. As in previous period, there were many forms of labor organization.
Examples of labor organization:
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.
Examples of a region where free peasants revolted:
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
A. Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations.
Examples of technological innovations:
- Champa rice varieties
- The chinampa field system
- Waru waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas
- Improved terracing techniques
B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas in this period.
Examples of these factors:
- Invasions
- Disease
- The Decline of Agricultural Productivity
- The Little Ice Age
B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival.
Examples of these factors:
- The end of invasions
- The availability of safe and reliable transport
- The rise of Commerce and the warmer temperatures of 800 and 1300
- Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population
- Availability of labor also contributed to urban growth
C. While cities in general continued to play the roles in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities emerged to take on these established roles.
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
A. As in previous period, there were many forms of labor organization.
Examples of labor organization:
- Free peasant agriculture
- Nomadic Pastoralism
- Craft production and guild organization
- Various forms of coerced and unfree labor
- Government-imposed labor taxes
- Military obligations
B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
C. New forms of coerced labor appeared including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.
Examples of a region where free peasants revolted:
- China
- Byzantine Empire
D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.